（由于）……，以致……
with the (bad) result that
Structure
（由于） 原因 ， 以致 不好的结果
What it means
“With the (bad) result that”: 以致 opens the second clause and brings an outcome nobody wanted; the first clause gives the cause, often with 由于.
How it is built
(由于) + cause ， 以致 + bad result: 他开会前没有好好准备，以致被经理问得说不出话来 (he hadn't prepared, so the manager's questions left him speechless).
When to use it
Written and formal (met beside 以至（于） in 3-10). 以至（于） (4-15) sounds the same but stresses degree, “so much that”, need not be bad, and can mean “right up to”: 从小学以至大学.
Watch out
Not for good or neutral results: use 从而 (3-1) or 因此. ✗ 他每天练习，以致进步很快 ✓ 他每天练习，因此进步很快.
Examples
由于他对谁都不放心，两个大案牵连了四万多人，以致朝中人人自危。
Because he trusted no one, two great cases dragged in more than forty thousand people, with the result that everyone at court feared for his life.
由于连续几天暴雨，河水上涨，以致下游好几个村子被淹。
Days of torrential rain made the river rise, so that several villages downstream were flooded.
他开会前没有好好准备，以致被经理问得说不出话来。
He had not prepared properly for the meeting, so he was left speechless by the manager’s questions.
Learn this in Lesson 96 · HSK 6–7: 从乞丐到皇帝：明朝 (From beggar to emperor: the Ming)
A dialogue, a reading, word cards with audio and a drill that uses it, in Learn Chinese with Bao. The first lessons of every level are free.
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