由此可见 / 综上所述
from this it can be seen / to sum up: drawing the conclusion
Structure
论据 。 由此可见／综上所述 ， 结论
What it means
From this it can be seen / to sum up: phrases that draw a conclusion from what came before.
How it is built
Evidence。由此可见／综上所述，conclusion: 由此可见，光靠死记硬背是学不好语言的 (From this we can see that rote learning alone will not teach you a language).
When to use it
由此可见 infers from the evidence just given, so it can come mid-text. 综上所述 gathers up the whole piece and belongs in the final paragraph. 总而言之 and 总之 are lighter and work in speech.
Watch out
Both need evidence before them, so never open with them. Don’t use 综上所述 mid-essay; save it for the end.
Examples
综上所述，人工智能既是机遇，也是挑战。
To sum up, artificial intelligence is both an opportunity and a challenge.
由此可见，光靠死记硬背是学不好语言的。
From this we can see that rote learning alone will not teach you a language.
Learn this in Lesson 108 · HSK 7–9: 怎样把道理讲清楚 (Building an argument)
A dialogue, a reading, word cards with audio and a drill that uses it, in Learn Chinese with Bao. The first lessons of every level are free.
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