（因）……，故……
because …, therefore … (written)
Structure
因 原因 ， 故 结果
What it means
Because …, therefore …: the written form of 因为…所以…, found throughout judgments, official notices and formal letters.
How it is built
因 + cause, 故 + result: 因连日暴雨，故今日全市中小学停课 (Owing to days of heavy rain, the city’s schools are closed today). 故 opens the second clause, before its subject.
When to use it
Formal writing only; in speech use 因为…所以…. Either half can stand alone: 因病请假; 天气恶劣，故航班取消. Met in lesson 4-20.
Watch out
Keep the register even: ✗因为…故… mixes styles; ✓因…故…. Don’t confuse it with the 故 of 故意 (on purpose) or 故乡 (old home).
Examples
因一审判决损害社会公共利益，故二审法院依法予以纠正。
Because the first ruling harmed the public interest, the appeal court corrected it according to law.
因原告未能提供有效证据，故本院对其诉讼请求不予支持。
As the plaintiff failed to produce valid evidence, this court does not uphold the claim.
因连日暴雨，道路积水严重，故今日全市中小学停课。
Owing to days of heavy rain and badly flooded roads, all the city’s schools are closed today.
Learn this in Lesson 121 · HSK 7–9: 电梯劝烟案 (Court report: the lift smoking case)
A dialogue, a reading, word cards with audio and a drill that uses it, in Learn Chinese with Bao. The first lessons of every level are free.
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